IS200BPVCG1BR1一个顺序控制过程可分为若干个阶段，也称为步或状态，每个状态都有不同的动作。当相邻两状态之间的转换条件得到满足时，就将实现转换，即由上一个状态转换到下一个状态执行。我们常用状态转移图（功能表图）描述这种顺序控制过程。用状态器S记录每个状态分步处理结构是神经科学中早已获得的基本知识。这说明
我们并不需要完全了解了脑的工作原理之后才能研究类脑的算法。相反，真正具有启发意义的，很可能是相对基本的原则。这些原则，有的可能已经为脑科学家所知晓，而有的可能还尚待发现，而每一项基本原则的阐明及其成功的运用于人工信息处理系统，都可能带来类脑计算研究的或大或小的进步。非常重要的是，这一不断发现、转化的过程不仅能促进人工智能的进展，也会同步加深我们对于大脑为何能如此高效进行信息处理这一问题的理解[6]，从而形成一个脑科学和人工智能技术相互促进的良性循环。
脑中除了基本的兴奋与抑制性的神经递质外，还有众多的神经调质，他们的作用在于根据当前的环境与行为目标随时动态调节大范围神经网络的行为，使得相对固定的网络结构能够胜任复杂多变的情况，实现千差万别的任务。近年来对于介观及宏观脑网络动态活动规律的研究发现，脑网络可能自发地组织于一个“临界”状态附近，这一状态使得信息的存储、传递和处理都能实现优化[10]。重要的是，通过对这一状态的微调，可以迅速调节网络功能，从而适应不同任务的要求。对于神经调质以及网络状态调控等原理的借鉴，有望对设计更加灵活，更有适应能力的人工信息处理系统提供有益启示。我们有可能从大脑的工作原理受到重要启发的第3个例子是如何实现小样本的学习和有效推广。目前取得巨大成功的深度学习依赖于庞大的样本数量，这与大脑的“举一反三”，即小样本学习的能力形成鲜明对比[11]。原理上看，这意味着生物脑的学习过程并非从零开始，而是从学习之初，就拥有并运用了重要的先验知识，这包含了物种在进化过程中学到的（生物学称之为系统发生），以及个体在生活过程中学到的有关真实世界的关键知识[12]。读取这些知识，以及借鉴如何将这些知识作为先验信息注入神经网络结构从而实现小样本学习，可能会是神经科学以及类脑算法设计中一个富于成果的领域。 除了上面举出的几个例子，神经科学可能会对类脑算法设计提供重要启示的领域还包括对于突触可塑性的进一步认识，具体的各项脑功能在神经环路水平的机制等。几乎可以说，每一项脑科学的原理性发现，都可能蕴含着一颗种子，有潜力在人工智能的领域成长为像深度神经网络一样的参天大树。
As the project 'has high-speed rail0n the top floor, ordinary speed0n the ground and subway0n the underground', its daily operation involves the safety of more than 100000 passengers, and the safety and reliability of the power supply system is very important. ABB's distribution solution improves the safety and reliability of the distribution system through the overall optimization design and the selection of components with leading technology, so as to ensure the normal operation of the rail transit system and meet the demand of rising transport capacity in the future.
At Beijing Fengtai Railway Station, abb Emax 2 air circuit breakers, Tmax XT molded case circuit breakers, S200 series and S280 series miniature circuit breakers, OT series disconnectors, ax series contactors, leakage protectors, thermal relays and other electrical products are ensuring the continuity of power distribution, providing overload, short circuit, ground fault and indirect electric shock protection for low-voltage distribution networks, and supporting the construction of higher performance electrical systems, Solve the electrical problems that the rail transit system may encounter. Based0n its deep understanding of the importance and complexity of railway hubs, abb actively explores green materials, equipment energy consumption management, full life cycle management, digital operation and maintenance and other fields of electrical equipment, aiming to improve the electrification and intelligence level of railway distribution infrastructure, meet the management needs of various operation scenarios and modes, and help users use energy more efficiently, Inject more impetus into the safety and sustainable development of the railway industry. With the continuous improvement of electrification, the railway has been reshaped as a sustainable and energy-saving mode of transportation. ABB has actively participated in the construction of rail transit in China, providing a solid and reliable power guarantee for AC / DC substations, passenger station buildings, control and signaling devices, tunnels, locomotives and rolling stock, and promoting the interconnection between provinces and cities. Successful projects include Beijing Shanghai high speed railway, Qinghai Tibet railway, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changsha and many other rail transit projects.
Industrial control refers to industrial automation control, which is mainly realized by the combination of electronics, electricity, machinery and software. That is industrial control, or factory automation control. It mainly refers to the use of computer technology, microelectronics technology and electrical means to make the production and manufacturing process of the factory more automated, efficient, accurate, controllable and visible.
Industrial control computer is a general term for tools that use bus structure to detect and control the production process and its electromechanical equipment and process equipment. It has important computer attributes and characteristics, such as computer CPU, hard disk, memory, peripherals and interfaces, real-time operating system, control network and protocol, computing power, friendly man-machine interface, etc. The main categories of industrial computers include IPC (PC bus industrial computer), PLC (programmable control system), DCS (distributed control system), FCS (Fieldbus System) and CNC (numerical control system). Everyone who studies electronics knows that PLC is a very important device and a relatively difficult technology. It is a digital operation electronic system specially designed for application in the industrial environment. It is the basis for realizing industrial automation and Internet of things control. It has a very broad application prospect in the future.
PLC technology originated in the United States
PLC technology originated in the United States. General Motors of the United States was the first to apply PLC. In the 1960s, when they adjusted the factory production line, they found that the relay and contactor control system was difficult to modify, large in size, noisy, inconvenient to maintain and poor in reliability. Subsequently, the American digital equipment company developed the first programmable controller, which was tested0n the production line of General Motors with remarkable results. Later, PLC technology was carried forward in Japan and Europe, and programmable controllers were successfully developed in Japan and Germany. In 1974, China also began to study programmable controllers and widely used in various fields.
PLC first replaced the mechanical switch device, and then the function of PLC gradually replaced the relay control board. Modern PLC has more functions, and its purpose extends from single process control to the control and monitoring of the whole manufacturing system.
Application of PLC technology in industrial automation, Internet of things control and other fields
At present, PLC technology is widely used in industrial automation, automotive electronics, transportation, Internet of things control and other industries. Its role in these fields can be roughly divided into four categories.
1、 Used to realize various motion control
PLC controller is a digital electronic device with microprocessor. It is a digital logic controller used for automatic control. It can load control instructions into memory at any time for storage and execution. The programmable controller is composed of internal CPU, instruction and data memory, input and output unit, power module, digital analog and other units. PLC controller can be used for the control of circular motion or linear motion. Nowadays, almost all the main PLC controller products have motion control function. It is used in various machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators and other occasions.
In terms of control mechanism configuration, in the early days, it was directly used for switching value i/o module to connect position sensor and actuator. Now, special motion control module is generally used, such as single axis or multi axis position control module that can drive stepper motor or servo motor.
2、 Realize industrial process control
As an industrial control computer, PLC controller can compile various control algorithm programs to complete closed-loop control. In industrial process control, PLC is mainly used for closed-loop control of analog parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow and so0n. Large and medium-sized PLCs have PID modules. PID regulation is a regulation method commonly used in general closed-loop control systems. At present, many small PLC controllers also have this function module.
3、 Realize relevant data processing
Modern PLC controller has the functions of mathematical operation, data transmission and conversion, and can complete data collection, analysis and processing; These data can be compared with the reference value stored in the memory to complete certain control operations, and can also be transmitted to other intelligent devices by using the communication function. In large-scale control systems, such as unmanned flexible manufacturing system, PLC controller is0ne of the core components.
4、 PLC communication and Internet of things
As the general trend of industrial Internet of things, the related technologies of PLC communication and Internet of things will be popular in the future. General PLC controller communication includes communication between PLC controllers and communication between PLC controller and other intelligent devices. With the development of industrial control automation, all PLC controller manufacturers attach great importance to the communication function of PLC controller, and have launched their own network systems. New PLC controllers have communication interfaces, which is very convenient for communication.
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PLC technology has great potential in the industrial control and Internet of things markets
Three characteristics of PLC technology in the future
1. Miniaturization and integration are getting higher and higher: with the requirements of the market for miniaturization and integration, PLC technology is more integrated into industrial, automotive, communication and other products. The characteristics of PLC products are control and data processing. While meeting the functions, the technological requirements are more refined.
2. Intelligent PLC technology: with the development of AI technology, more products are endowed with intelligent functions, PLC is no exception. For example, the intelligent i/o module of PLC applied in industrial control and the intelligent temperature control module of automobile, etc., there will be more application scenarios of intelligent PLC technology in the future.
3. Diversified PLC technology: including PLC related programming languages and tools. With the deepening of application scenarios,0ne or several programming languages cannot achieve all functions, customized PLC products will increase, and PLC modular technology will also increase.
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